Martin Luther, 16th century German Protestant reformer, (19th century). [Getty Images]

Martin Luther, 16th century German Protestant reformer, (19th century). Luther (1483-1546) was a major inspiration behind the Reformation. He was excommunicated by Pope Leo IX in 1521 and declared an outlaw at the Diet of Worms. Under the protection of the Elector of Saxony, Luther produced a German translation of the Bible, and he went on to found the Lutheran Protestant Church. (Photo by The Print Collector/Print Collector/Getty Images)

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